RIASSUNTO
The principles of the standard-target sonar-calibration method are reviewed. Protocols for calibrating scientific echo sounders, multibeam sonars, and a parametric sonar are outlined, and examples are presented. The range of frequencies presently spanned by the standard-target method is 1-3200 kHz. This includes both narrowband and continuously broadband systems as configured for measurement use in the field. Advantages of accuracy, operational convenience, and cost effectiveness are noted.