DESCRIZIONE
The invention is directed to apparatus comprising a liquid-impregnated surface (100), said surface (100) comprising an impregnating liquid and a matrix of solid features (102) spaced sufficiently close to stably contain the impregnating liquid therebetween or therewithin, and methods thereof. In some embodiments, one or both of the following holds: (i) 0 < φ ≤ 0.25, where φ is a representative fraction of the projected surface area of the liquid-impregnated surface (100) corresponding to non- submerged solid at equilibrium; and (ii) Sow(a) < 0, where Sow(a) is spreading coefficient, defined as γ wa - γ wo - Yoa, where y is the interfacial tension between the two phases designated by subscripts w, a, and o, where w is water, a is air, and o is the impregnating liquid.