RIASSUNTO
This appendix presents a case study of the Northwest Hydroelectric System (NwHS) as an example of a complex software‐enabled system that includes natural elements and engineered elements. NwHS is an adaptive and reconfigurable system that exists within a complex environment of policies, rules, regulations, and agreements. The systems engineering context of NwHS includes natural elements (rivers, terrain, weather systems, fish); elements purposefully built by humans (transmission lines, electrical grids); cyber connections (both wired and Internet); and rules, regulations, and agreements at the federal, regional, state, and local levels. Given the complexity of the NwHS and its context, it is instructive to analyze the NwHS by applying each of the four application paradigms of systems engineering presented in Part 4 of the Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge: the product, service, enterprise, and system‐of‐systems application paradigms of systems engineering.